Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: The protective effects of PCPA against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension are mediated through the downregulation of NFAT-1 and NF-κB

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of haemodynamic measurements between the different groups. (A) Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and (B) systolic arterial pressure were compared among the different groups. Data are shown as the means ± SD. * P<0.05 and ** P<0.01 represent indexes compared with the control group. + P<0.05, ++P<0.01 represent indexes compared with the monocrotaline (MCT) group. P represents 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine (PCPA); MCT + P1 represent MCT 60 mg/kg once plus PCPA 50 mg/kg body weight a day for 21 days; MCT + P2 represent MCT 60 mg/kg once plus PCPA 100 mg/kg body weight a day for 21 days.

Article Snippet: The MCT and 2 PCPA treatment groups of rats were administered either a single dose of MCT (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 60 mg/kg body weight, which was dissolved in the vehicle (1:4 mixture of dehydrated ethanol-normal saline) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections to induce PAH, or the same volume of the vehicle, as previously described ( ).

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: The protective effects of PCPA against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension are mediated through the downregulation of NFAT-1 and NF-κB

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Results of the effects 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine (PCPA) on pulmonary arterial wall thickness ratio are compared. (A) Control group, (B) monocrotaline (MCT) group, (C) MCT + P1 group (PCPA at 50 mg/kg body weight) and (D) MCT + P2 group (PCPA at 100 mg/kg body weight); (E) percentage of medical wall thickness of pulmonary arteries. Original magnification, ×400; scale bars, 50 µ m. Data are shown as the means ± SD (n=3 rats). * P<0.05, ** P<0.01 represent indexes compared with the control group. + P<0.05 and ++ P<0.01 represent indexes compared with the MCT group.

Article Snippet: The MCT and 2 PCPA treatment groups of rats were administered either a single dose of MCT (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 60 mg/kg body weight, which was dissolved in the vehicle (1:4 mixture of dehydrated ethanol-normal saline) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections to induce PAH, or the same volume of the vehicle, as previously described ( ).

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: The protective effects of PCPA against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension are mediated through the downregulation of NFAT-1 and NF-κB

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of elastin and collagen deposition between the different groups. (A) Double staining in elastin and collagen in lungs. (B) Double staining in elastin and collagen in main pulmonary arteries. (a) Control group, (b) monocrotaline (MCT) group, (c) MCT + P1 group (PCPA at 50 mg/kg body weight) and (d) MCT + P2 group (PCPA at 100 mg/kg body weight). Bluish green represents elastin and the red represents collagen. Original magnification, ×400; scale bars, 50 µ m.

Article Snippet: The MCT and 2 PCPA treatment groups of rats were administered either a single dose of MCT (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 60 mg/kg body weight, which was dissolved in the vehicle (1:4 mixture of dehydrated ethanol-normal saline) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections to induce PAH, or the same volume of the vehicle, as previously described ( ).

Techniques: Double Staining

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: The protective effects of PCPA against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension are mediated through the downregulation of NFAT-1 and NF-κB

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunohistochemical determination of nuclear factor of activated T cells-1 (NFAT-1) expression in lung vessels. (A) Control group, (B) monocrotaline (MCT) group, (C) MCT + P1 group (PCPA at 50 mg/kg body weight), (D) MCT + P2 group (PCPA at 100 mg/kg body weight) and (E) average optical density of NFAT-1. Original magnification, ×400; scale bars, 50 µ m. Data are shown as the means ± SD (n=3 rats). * P<0.05, ** P<0.01 represent indexes compared with the control group. ++ P<0.01 represents indexes compared with the MCT group.

Article Snippet: The MCT and 2 PCPA treatment groups of rats were administered either a single dose of MCT (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 60 mg/kg body weight, which was dissolved in the vehicle (1:4 mixture of dehydrated ethanol-normal saline) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections to induce PAH, or the same volume of the vehicle, as previously described ( ).

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: The protective effects of PCPA against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension are mediated through the downregulation of NFAT-1 and NF-κB

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Western blot analysis of the expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells-1 (NFAT-1) in lung tissues of rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Comparisons between the NFAT-1 and the control group, MCT-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) group and 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine (PCPA) treatment groups were made. Data are shown as the means ± SD (n=5 rats). * P<0.05, ** P<0.01 represent indexes compared with the control group. + P<0.05 and ++ P<0.01 represent indexes compared with the MCT group. P represents 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine (PCPA); MCT + P1 represent MCT 60 mg/kg once plus PCPA 50 mg/kg body weight a day for 21 days; MCT + P2 represent MCT 60 mg/kg once plus PCPA 100 mg/kg body weight a day for 21 days.

Article Snippet: The MCT and 2 PCPA treatment groups of rats were administered either a single dose of MCT (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 60 mg/kg body weight, which was dissolved in the vehicle (1:4 mixture of dehydrated ethanol-normal saline) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections to induce PAH, or the same volume of the vehicle, as previously described ( ).

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: The protective effects of PCPA against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension are mediated through the downregulation of NFAT-1 and NF-κB

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunohistochemical determination of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 in lungs. (A) Control group, (B) monocrotaline (MCT) group, (C) MCT + P1 group, (D) MCT + P2 group and (E) average optical density of p65. Original magnification, ×400; scale bars, 50 µ m. Data are shown as the means ± SD (n=3 rats). ** P<0.01 represents indexes compared with the control group. + P<0.05 and ++ P<0.01 represent indexes compared with the MCT group. P represents 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine (PCPA); MCT + P1 represent MCT 60 mg/kg once plus PCPA 50 mg/kg body weight a day for 21 days; MCT + P2 represent MCT 60 mg/kg once plus PCPA 100 mg/kg body weight a day for 21 days.

Article Snippet: The MCT and 2 PCPA treatment groups of rats were administered either a single dose of MCT (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 60 mg/kg body weight, which was dissolved in the vehicle (1:4 mixture of dehydrated ethanol-normal saline) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections to induce PAH, or the same volume of the vehicle, as previously described ( ).

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: The protective effects of PCPA against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension are mediated through the downregulation of NFAT-1 and NF-κB

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 expression in nucleus and cytoplasm in rat lungs by western blot analysis. Comparisons between the NF-κB p65 among different groups, control, monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine (PCPA) treatment groups were made. Data are shown as the means ± SD (n=5 rats). ** P<0.01 represents indexes compared with the control group. ++ P<0.01 represents indexes compared with the MCT group. P represents 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine (PCPA); MCT + P1 represent MCT 60 mg/kg once plus PCPA 50 mg/kg body weight a day for 21 days; MCT + P2 represent MCT 60 mg/kg once plus PCPA 100 mg/kg body weight a day for 21 days.

Article Snippet: The MCT and 2 PCPA treatment groups of rats were administered either a single dose of MCT (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 60 mg/kg body weight, which was dissolved in the vehicle (1:4 mixture of dehydrated ethanol-normal saline) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections to induce PAH, or the same volume of the vehicle, as previously described ( ).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: The protective effects of PCPA against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension are mediated through the downregulation of NFAT-1 and NF-κB

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Western blot analysis of the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in lungs. Comparisons of ERK phosphorylation among different groups, control, monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine (PCPA) treatment groups, were made. Data are shown as the means ± SD (n=5 rats). ** P<0.01 represents indexes compared with the control group. ++ P<0.01 represents indexes compared with the MCT group. P represents 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine (PCPA); MCT + P1 represent MCT 60 mg/kg once plus PCPA 50 mg/kg body weight a day for 21 days; MCT + P2 represent MCT 60 mg/kg once plus PCPA 100 mg/kg body weight a day for 21 days.

Article Snippet: The MCT and 2 PCPA treatment groups of rats were administered either a single dose of MCT (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 60 mg/kg body weight, which was dissolved in the vehicle (1:4 mixture of dehydrated ethanol-normal saline) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections to induce PAH, or the same volume of the vehicle, as previously described ( ).

Techniques: Western Blot

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: The protective effects of PCPA against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension are mediated through the downregulation of NFAT-1 and NF-κB

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Western blot analysis of the phosphorylation levels of IκB kinase (IKK) in lungs. IKK phosphorylation in the different groups, control, monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and the 50 and 100 mg/kg 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine (PCPA) treatment groups was examined. Data are shown as the means ± SD (n=5 rats). * P<0.05 and ** P<0.01 represent indexes compared with the control group. ++ P<0.01 represents indexes compared with the MCT group. P represents 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine (PCPA); MCT + P1 represent MCT 60 mg/kg once plus PCPA 50 mg/kg body weight a day for 21 days; MCT + P2 represent MCT 60 mg/kg once plus PCPA 100 mg/kg body weight a day for 21 days.

Article Snippet: The MCT and 2 PCPA treatment groups of rats were administered either a single dose of MCT (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 60 mg/kg body weight, which was dissolved in the vehicle (1:4 mixture of dehydrated ethanol-normal saline) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections to induce PAH, or the same volume of the vehicle, as previously described ( ).

Techniques: Western Blot

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: The protective effects of PCPA against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension are mediated through the downregulation of NFAT-1 and NF-κB

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Western blot analysis of the expression of (A) intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and (B) interleukin-6 (IL-6) in rat lungs. Comparisons of ICAM-1 and IL-6 expression in different groups, control group, monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) group and 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine (PCPA) treatment groups were made. Data are shown as the means ± SD (n=5 rats). * P<0.05 and ** P<0.01 represent indexes compared with the control group. + P<0.05 and ++ P<0.01 represents indexes compared with the MCT group.

Article Snippet: The MCT and 2 PCPA treatment groups of rats were administered either a single dose of MCT (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 60 mg/kg body weight, which was dissolved in the vehicle (1:4 mixture of dehydrated ethanol-normal saline) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections to induce PAH, or the same volume of the vehicle, as previously described ( ).

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Article Title: Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed term and late preterm infants

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013171.pub2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Table of baseline characteristics of the included studies

Article Snippet: LE was administered on day four, either as Lipofundin MCT/LCT (B Braun Medical) or as Intralipid (KabiVitrum), at initial doses of 0.5 g/kg/day for infants of less than 1.5 kg birthweight and 1 g/kg/day for infants 1.5 kg birthweight or more.

Techniques:

Journal: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Article Title: Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed term and late preterm infants

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013171.pub2

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: LE was administered on day four, either as Lipofundin MCT/LCT (B Braun Medical) or as Intralipid (KabiVitrum), at initial doses of 0.5 g/kg/day for infants of less than 1.5 kg birthweight and 1 g/kg/day for infants 1.5 kg birthweight or more.

Techniques:

Journal: BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Article Title: Inhibition of Shp2 ameliorates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats

doi: 10.1186/s12890-018-0700-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Shp2 inhibition improves mPAP, RVSP and RVH, without affecting SAP in MCT-induced PAH rats. a Phps-1 inhibited MCT- induced increases of mPAP and RVSP b ( n = 6 for Control or MCT group, n = 5 for MCT + Phps-1group) without affecting SAP c ( n = 6 for Control or MCT group, n = 4 for MCT + Phps-1 group). d Phps-1 suppressed MCT- induced increase of RVH, as indicated by RV/LV + S ( n = 6 for each group). Data was presented as means ± standard deviation (SD), ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Twenty one days after MCT administration, rats were then intraperitoneally injected with Phps-1 (1 mg/kg, Sigma, St, Louis, MO) (a highly selective inhibitor for Shp2 ) or a vehicle every other day.

Techniques: Inhibition, Standard Deviation

Journal: BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Article Title: Inhibition of Shp2 ameliorates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats

doi: 10.1186/s12890-018-0700-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Shp2 inhibition attenuates MCT-induced thickening of PAMT and perivascular fibrosis. a Representative images of hematoxylin and eosin staining for PAMT, Scale bar = 30 μm. b Quantification of PMWT ( n = 6 for each group). c Representative images of Masson’s trichrome staining for detecting perivascular fibrosis (blue), Scale bar = 30 μm. d Hemi-quantification of perivascular fibrosis ( n = 6 for each group). e and f Phps-1 reversed MCT-induced overexpression of TGF-β in lungs ( n = 3). Data was presented as means ± standard deviation (SD), ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Twenty one days after MCT administration, rats were then intraperitoneally injected with Phps-1 (1 mg/kg, Sigma, St, Louis, MO) (a highly selective inhibitor for Shp2 ) or a vehicle every other day.

Techniques: Inhibition, Staining, Over Expression, Standard Deviation

Journal: BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Article Title: Inhibition of Shp2 ameliorates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats

doi: 10.1186/s12890-018-0700-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Shp2 inhibition ameliorates muscularization of pulmonary arterioles in MCT induced PAH rats. a Phps-1 decreased α-SMA expression of lungs in MCT induced PAH. Representative images of immunofluorescent stainings for CD31 (red) and α-SMA (green) in lungs were showed. Nucleus (blue) was stained with DAPI. Scale bar = 50 μm. b The muscularization of distal pulmonary arterioles was determined by calculating the percent of arteries that were fully (> 75%), partially (25–75%) and not muscularuized (< 25%) ( n = 4–6). Data was presented as means ± standard deviation (SD), *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Twenty one days after MCT administration, rats were then intraperitoneally injected with Phps-1 (1 mg/kg, Sigma, St, Louis, MO) (a highly selective inhibitor for Shp2 ) or a vehicle every other day.

Techniques: Inhibition, Expressing, Staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Article Title: Inhibition of Shp2 ameliorates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats

doi: 10.1186/s12890-018-0700-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Shp2 inhibition decreases PDGF-induced proliferation and migration of human PASMCs. a Phps-1 (20 μM) inhibited PDGF (20 ng/ml)-induced proliferation of human PASMCs. CCK-8 assay was used ( n = 5). Data was from five independent tests. b Representative images of PASMCs migration. Transwell migration method was used. c Phps-1 (20 μM) significantly inhibited PDGF (20 ng/ml)-induced migration of human PASMCs ( n = 4). Data was presented as means ± standard deviation (SD), ** P < 0.01

Article Snippet: Twenty one days after MCT administration, rats were then intraperitoneally injected with Phps-1 (1 mg/kg, Sigma, St, Louis, MO) (a highly selective inhibitor for Shp2 ) or a vehicle every other day.

Techniques: Inhibition, Migration, CCK-8 Assay, Standard Deviation